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The hypothesis that the human microbiome has evolved to provide context-specific competitive risk advantages to the host [39] also raises the intriguing possibility that our microbiota can be manipulated to modulate disease risk from M. tuberculosis, as well as other common human pathogens [40].
Evidence further suggests that TMEM106B risk genotypes/increased TMEM106B expression may modulate disease risk by affecting progranulin pathways.
The goal of human genetics is to specify the genotype-phenotype map; that is, to understand how naturally occurring genetic variants jointly act to modulate disease risk.
However, when disease incidence is low and reported environmental exposures are hypothesized to modulate disease risk, it becomes highly relevant to understand how reported data is processed.
Nonetheless, these results may have implications for the human population, as genotype-diet interactions are known to modulate disease risk in MTHFR 677 C>T individuals (31).
The weak associations identified for a number of hypothesised risk factors imply that multiple pathways may be involved in disease development, and as with other multifactorial diseases, gene interactions with environmental factors may also modulate disease risk [ 48- 56].
Similar(51)
The expansion and contraction of SSRs within the protein-coding sequences are recognized to modulate disease risks such as Huntington's disease, Myotonic dystrophy and fragile X Syndrome [ 11- 15].
Epigenetics and microbiota are emerging as potent factors modulating disease risk and putatively affecting disease manifestation, which are also being explored as therapeutic targets.
But despite the strong influence of environment on zoonotic pathogens, considerable uncertainty exists as to whether and how anthropogenic environmental change modulates disease risk.
In addition, other factors such as copy number variation or indeed epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs) may also modify gene function and/or expression profiles affecting these pathways and modulating disease risk accordingly.
Xenobiotic-metabolizing genes may simultaneously modulate this disease risk.
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