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One Helicobacter-specific virulence factor in particular, the CagA protein, has emerged as a main effector molecule in the interaction of H. pylori with gastric epithelial cells and has been implicated in gastric carcinogenesis.
Levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector molecule of the RAS, are elevated in the failing heart and there is a substantial body of evidence indicating that this peptide contributes to changes in cardiac structure and function which ultimately lead to progressive worsening in heart failure.
Interestingly however, unlike recent reports utilizing mouse models, IL-13 was not a main effector molecule in our human system.
Angiotensin II is the main effector molecule of the RAS.
Beside salt retention and hypertension, recent studies have unravelled roles of RAS and particularly, its main effector molecule angiotensin II (Ang II) in inflammation, autoimmunity and aging.
Our data suggest that metformin's anti-proliferative effect on prostate cancer cells does not require AMPK activation, which, as a metabolic sensor, is the main effector molecule of metformin on metabolism and inhibition of gluconeogenesis.
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PI3Ks belong to one of the main effector molecules of RAS [ 151].
Among the genes related to apoptosis, we noted that the genes encoding caspases, the main effector molecules in ovarian apoptosis, were only modestly expressed in the infant ovary and their expression increased in variable degrees in the adult ovary.
We identified the key survival pathways downstream of active JAK2 and demonstrated that concurrent inhibition of aberrant JAK2 activity and the main effector molecules, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, induced prolonged disease regressions and cures in mice bearing established TEL-JAK2 TEL-JAK2 T-ALL T-ALL
Synoviocytes produce not only various matrix metalloproteinase, main effector molecules for digesting cartilages and bones, but also pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL -1 and IL -1[ 3], and angiogenic factors such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) [ 4, 5], all of which play major roles in the pathogenesis of RA [ 6, 7].
Unlike many known regulators of the Wnt pathway, these molecules do not affect stabilization of Arm/beta-catenin (betacat), the principal effector molecule in Wnt signal transduction.
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