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Downstream of PI3K is the primary effector molecule of the PI3K signaling cascade, Akt/ protein kinase B (PKB).
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HBP appears to be one of the primary effector molecules of transfusion-related acute lung injury [ 10].
In type II diabetes the molecular mechanisms that induce inflammatory mediators are still being elucidated and TLRs are considered primary effector molecules in this process that are also activated by nutritional factors as FFA.
52, 53 The interrelationship between these molecular targets suggests the expression and action of PRRs are the primary effector molecules in a downstream cascade that initiate dysregulation of insulin homeostasis.
Interestingly however, unlike recent reports utilizing mouse models, IL-13 was not a main effector molecule in our human system.
Unlike many known regulators of the Wnt pathway, these molecules do not affect stabilization of Arm/beta-catenin (betacat), the principal effector molecule in Wnt signal transduction.
Angiotensin II is the main effector molecule of the RAS.
When phosphorylated, AgrA is known to bind and induce expression of the RNAIII transcript [ 68], which encodes a regulatory RNA molecule that acts as the primary effector of S. aureus quorum-sensing [ 69].
Among the numerous risk factors for cardiac fibrosis, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), particularly the key effector molecule angiotensin II (Ang II), is of primary importance.
An early study demonstrated that a subpopulation of NPC cells in primary tumors co-expressing SOX2 and OCT4 were involved in an activated NOTCH1 pathway, with increased expression of the downstream effector molecule Hes1 [57].
The identity of the effector molecule(s) is largely unknown.
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