Sentence examples for mutations are resistant from inspiring English sources

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains containing both reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations are resistant to all of the approved NNRTI drugs.

The protein encoded by the NRAS gene functions in the same pathway as KRAS and mutations in this gene have been found in 3% of CRC (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/). The NRAS gene is highly expressed in CRC (http://www.oncomine.org), hence it is to be expected that tumors with an NRAS mutations are resistant to EGFR targeted therapy.

Pao et al (2005b) first reported that lung cancers with KRAS mutations are resistant to EGFR-TKIs.

Furthermore, we have addressed the important issue of whether ALK mutations are resistant to the medicine that is currently in use.

GISTs with specific mutations, such as PDGFRA exon 18 (D842V) or KIT exon 17 (D816V) mutations, are resistant to imatinib [ 37].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03751.007 10.7554/eLiFigure51 figuregure 1—figure supplement 4. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines with EGFR gene amplification and/or activating EGFR mutations are resistant to cell death induction by AKT inhibitors.

Among them, cells with variants of BRAF, KRAS, NRAS and CDKN2A were sensitive to MEK inhibitors, while cells with EWS-FLI1 gene translocations or RB1 mutations were resistant to them (Fig. 1).

As described for SU5402, cells with NRAS mutations were resistant to TKI-258, thus demonstrating a similar profile for these agents.

Of note, an in vitro study showed that 4/4 melanoma cell lines with homozygous BRAF V600E mutations were sensible to vemurafenib, while 3/6 with heterozygous BRAF V600E mutations were resistant [ 27].

In a recent study of metastatic colorectal cancer treated with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab, patients with KRAS mutations were resistant to the drug and had a poorer prognosis compared with those without mutations [ 20].

For instance, one study found that 95% of patients with NSCLC who had detectable KRAS mutations were resistant to the treatment with TKIs and showed continued disease progression [ 1].