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Thus, BmToll9-1 was identified as a modulator of innate immune and RNAi machinery gene expression that could be related to its preferential expression in the larval gut, the major barrier of pathogen entry.
The ease with which we were able to produce a hypervirulent variant of the parent C. gattii strain, most notably for IN infection, by simply changing the growth substrate, underscored the crucial effect that natural habitat could exert as a modulator of innate virulence of a pathogen.
IFN-β is an important modulator of innate host defence responses.
These authors suggest that adiponectin is a dual modulator of innate responses and not an antiinflammatory adipokine [ 3].
These results point towards this MCFA being an effective modulator of innate immunity genes in mammary gland, which may lead to a better defense against bacterial infection and highlights the relevant function that epithelium plays during defense.
Similar(55)
We speculate that chitin-bearing organisms modulate the innate immune response towards pathogens and should be regarded as modulators of innate immunity of the skin.
To date, their activities as modulators of innate and adaptive immune responses have been largely overlooked, perhaps contributing to their limited clinical application as therapeutics for acute viral infections.
These findings, together with previous observations concerning direct and indirect enzymatic activities on host immune factors, highlight S. pyogenes as one of the most versatile modulators of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Second, the combination of HSPs and modulators of innate immunity, such as pathogenic patterns, should be investigated more thoroughly.
In addition, there is evidence that GFAP-expressing mesangial cells in the kidney function as local modulators of innate and adaptive immune responses [ 209].
In addition, the inner and outer core OS links lipid A and the O-antigen, both of which are potent modulators of innate immunity.
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control of innate
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modulator of immune
modulator of IL7-dependent
modulator of focal
modulator of β-catenin
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modulator of Munc18-syntaxin1
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