Sentence examples for modification by group from inspiring English sources

Greenland and Morgenstern showed that both confounding by group and effect measure modification by group could cause ecologic bias [ 15].

This paper examines three types of ecologic bias: confounding by group, effect measure modification by group, and non-differential exposure misclassification.

Piantadosi et al. derived the bias magnification equation, but they did not emphasize the magnification factor or discuss the role of effect measure modification by group [ 19].

Confounding by group and effect measure modification by group act in the same direction on the individual and group levels, but have larger impact on the latter.

Among the many types of bias possible in ecologic studies [ 7], I will examine three of the most important: confounding by group, effect measure modification by group, and non-differential exposure misclassification.

We assumed that this design should reduce cross-level (between-group) bias attributed to confounding and effect modification by group, An additional cross-level bias could be associated with the contextual effect of the exposure variable of living near the IP versus being exposed to its emissions.

We assessed tests for effect modification by age group (comparing 30 39 and 40 49 year age groups) and tests for effect modification by sex and for differences between those born in 1950 1957 and 1958 1970 by testing the pertinent Poisson regression interaction terms with two-tailed tests.

We tested for effect modification by age group (comparing 30- to 39-year and 40- to 49-year age groups) and effect modification by sex using Poisson regression interaction terms with two-tailed tests.

No effect modification by age group was observed.

Furthermore, interaction terms were included to test effect modification by age group (10-year intervals).

We found no effect modification by age group, sex, family history of allergic diseases, asthma of child, smoking, or indoor exposures.