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We also examined effect modification by population size.
Other routes for the effect modification by population density might involve social factors related to adverse birth outcomes, such as inner city crime, stress, racial discrimination, and built environment factors (such as liquor store density and housing damage).
We also conducted effect modification by population size by choosing the median (4,628) of the ZIP code level total population as the cutoff between urban and rural areas.
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Furthermore, although we did not find effect modification by study population, reliance on one study cohort might have led to less representative risk estimates in these age-groups.
showed no significant interaction with two-day average temperature, and therefore indicates that there was no heat effect modification by potential population adaption to heat or by possible increasing prevalence of air-conditioning year by year.
There was no significant effect modification of population change by decade.
It is not surprising that we did not observe effect modification by ozone because our population in central Mexico City was exposed to high lifetime levels of ozone compared with U.S. populations.
The chosen cut points will then be carried forward to the main analysis postintervention to explore the potential effect modification of the intervention impact by population density.
We also assessed potential modification by state, region, and population density, as proxy indicators of variation in PM2.5 composition.
Previously, no modification by sex in the general population was reported for the period 2000 2009 [ 27], however, the current study only focused on the population aged 50 years and older so the results of the two studies are not entirely comparable.
We aimed to explore 1) prospective associations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in a non heart failure range with changes in markers of left ventricular (LV) function and 2) possible effect modification by type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort.
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