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Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays allow sensitive, quantitative ex vivo assessments of antigen-specific T cells including immunophenotyping of responding cells and measurement of multiple effector functions.
Fourth, multiple effector functions were important for tumor resolution: IFN-γ and TRAIL.
The efficacy of these responses relies on multiple effector functions such as the secretion of antimicrobial molecules and the direct killing of infected cells by effector lymphocytes [1].
Rap1, which is named because it has activities as both a repressor and an activator protein, appears to have multiple effector functions.
p53 has multiple effector functions one of which is to induce apoptosis through the upregulation of BH3-only proteins, notably PUMA.
Similar(54)
Early efforts to profile multiple immune effector functions of single immune cell function used ICS FFC.
This high-content assay may be used as a tool for evaluation of multiple antibody effector functions, by ways of quantifying the reduction in number of plaques and mean plaque area, respectively.
Toward this goal, we evaluated a panel of clinically relevant cytokines for the ability to enhance multiple T-cell effector functions (polyfunctionality) in the native tumor environment.
However, since effect of mast cells on the mucosal barrier likely results from a balance of multiple effector and immunoregulatory functions [10], more studies will be required to precisely determine the mechanisms involved.
Future work with this method could easily incorporate agents that modify the phenotype of NK cells that could favor homing and enhance multiple facets of effector functions [ 90– 92].
As such, they are finely attuned to extracellular and intracellular stimuli and respond by rapidly initiating multiple signalling cascades with diverse effector functions.
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