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IL-22 is also produced by Th17 cells [ 16] and shares many effector functions with IL-17 [ 17].
An intracellular signal induces the exchange of GDP for GTP of the G protein, inducing an intracellular signalling cascade that leads to many effector functions such as the mobilization of intracellular calcium and actin polymerization both needed for morphological changes of cellular chemotaxis (Allen et al, 2007).
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The influx of Ca2+ is important for many effectors functions in T cells, including NFAT activation and cytokine and chemokine production [1], [27].
The complement is a system of proteins functionally interacting with each other in order to provide many of the effector functions of humoral immunity and inflammation.
The complement system consists of proteins that interact to provide many of the effector functions of humoral immunity and inflammation [ 45].
Cell death also plays major roles in cancer treatment, serving as the main effector function of many anti-cancer therapies.
Microglia respond to traumatic injury by migrating to the site of challenge, where they assume many of the immune effector functions typically associated with macrophages [ 17].
Intriguingly, we know that the effector functions of many immune cells (such as cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, cytotoxic responses) are dependent upon changes in their carbon metabolism.
They can suppress the effector functions of many cell types, including T cells, B cells, and monocytes/macrophages in a cell-contact dependent manner as well as via secretion of soluble mediators, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β [ 2].
In many cases, regulation of development and/or effector functions of different immune cell populations (such as Treg cells vs Th17 cells) depends on the activity of different members of the commensal community.
Type 1 interferons (IFNα/β) are expressed rapidly in response to viral infection, and, in turn activate many interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) which exert various antiviral effector functions.
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