Sentence examples for mutation rates due from inspiring English sources

Other studies have used strains with extremely high mutation rates due to multiple mutator alleles (Larrea et al. 2010).

In a larger tumor, and in tumors with higher mutation rates due to genetic instability, or tumors with certain death rates, a substantially higher number of new MHC I epitopes is generated, such that a clinically detectable tumor may harbor hundreds of tumor-specific epitopes.

The authors have argued that their finding was due to an overabundance of CpG dinucleotides, which suffer higher mutation rates due to their methylation by methyltransferases.

These data indicate that the restriction enzyme resistance assay has a tendency to underestimate mutation rates due to the conservation of restriction sites even after DNA repair.

A consistent feature of cells with elevated mutation rates due to defective MMR has been the tolerance to alkylating agents such as MNNG (Branch et al, 1993; Kat et al, 1993).

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a complex retrovirus, which encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), and exhibits high mutation rates due to the lack of the DNA proofreading activity of the viral RT.

This increase is at or beyond the upper range of increase in mutation rate due to common mutator mutations.

An approximately optimal value of the fold increase α in mutation rate due to a mutator mutation is therefore given by αoptimal = kmut optimal/kmut.

The analytic models (reference [15] and equations [13 14] and [16] in this paper) show that mutator pathways are more likely if they occur early within this window, and also for higher wild type mutation rate kmut, and fold change α in mutation rate due to a mutator mutation, similar to the results for the constant fitness and cooperative lineage expansion with late mutator mutation cases.

In addition, sequence variations among portions or domains of proteins mutate differently from a fixed mutation rate due to their specific structural and functional constraints for different genes under different selective pressures.

A major concern of antiviral therapy using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting RNA viral genome is high sequence diversity and mutation rate due to genetic instability.