Moreover, the measured change in FGF expression will reflect both the direct changes due to the mutation as well as indirect effects, due to regulatory feedbacks.
Moreover, the ΔGs of the potential secondary structures caused by the mutations, as tested by Mfold [ 27], do not correlate with the splicing changes, suggesting that the mutation effect is not due to a secondary structural change.
In the GM stack there will be no unintended effects due to mutations in one of both parental GM (single).
In addition, stochasticity can arise based on environmental changes or stochastic effects due to mutations.
These values reflect pairwise pleiotropic effects due to mutations in different traits (t1, t2 and t3).
Furthermore, serious human diseases arise from motor protein dysfunction supporting the potential for large phenotypic effects due to mutations in motor protein genes [ 45].
It is generally accepted that OXPHOS mutations likely cause cell-specific effects, due to the differential energy requirements and metabolic pathways utilized by various cell and tissue types [ 9, 42].
However, the similar KM values for WT KSI and the all-glycine loop mutant (Table 7) provide no evidence for binding effects due to the mutations, and several additional observations, described below, also provide no indication of structural rearrangements beyond the general base position.
However, null alleles should reveal haploinsufficiency and recessive effects due to deleterious mutations such as frameshift and nonsense mutations.
Additivity (the total killing effect is between the sum and the product of the individual killing effects due to the mutation and the prophage) would mean that the mutant killing and the prophage induction happen independently of each other, by separate mechanisms.
