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mTOR phosphorylates S6K1 and 4E-BP1, and the most downstream effector, eIF4E.
Thus, we assessed the nuclear accumulation of UPR transcription factors that represent the most downstream effector of each branch.
None of the other supposed downstream necrosome interactors (PGAM5, Drp1) induced this switch, indicating that MLKL is the most downstream effector of necroptosis reported to induce this switch upon knockdown.
RP-S6, a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit and the most downstream effector of mTOR signaling, is directly involved in regulation of translation [ 46] and considered to be a determinant of cell size [ 105, 106].
The loss-of-function PAR alleles have suggested a complicated hierarchy; however, all of the PAR proteins are necessary for proper PAR-1 localization, suggesting that PAR-1 is the most downstream effector of the other PAR proteins (Fig. 2) (Baas et al. 2004b).
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Overall, most downstream effectors of the UPR are thus transcription-dependent.
For example, the most downstream PCP effector Multiple Wing Hairs was recently shown to encode a Formin Homology 3-domain containing protein that regulates actin polymerization at the apical surface of fly wing cells in a PCP-dependent manner (Strutt and Warrington, 2008).
BRAF encodes a serine-threonine protein kinase that is the most important downstream effector of activated KRAS [ 14].
Akt, the most important downstream effector of the PI3Ks, is activated by phosphorylation on two residues, T308 and S473.
V-Ki-Ras2 Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene (KRAS) is the most important downstream effector in the EGFR pathway.
One of the most important downstream effectors in Ca2+ signaling is the calcium/Calmodulin activated serine threonine phosphatase, calcineurin.
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