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Spotted hyenas have a rich vocal repertory; they emit about a dozen distinct vocalizations, most of which can be modulated in various ways to alter their meaning to listeners.
As a result of ritualization, auditory signals may be shortened, repeated, or modulated in various ways that make them distinct against a noisy background, and chemical signals are enhanced with structures and behaviours that maximize odour dissemination.
Earlier, we have shown that SMAR1 is down modulated in various transformed cell lines and can reduce the tumorigenic potential of B16F1 through p53 stabilization [37], [38].
The metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol is modulated in various cell types by the effects of SirT1 on known regulators of metabolic enzymes such as PPARγ [18] and PGC-1α [19] [21].
Carbon monoxide production can be modulated in various directions in disease states.
It comprises WC, TG and FPG as a core, IER, which may be expressed and modulated in various second order ways.
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In a preliminary study, we found that IL-6 expression is modulated in cells expressing various levels of Id-1.
In addition to this basal function, macroautophagy can also be modulated in response to various forms of cellular stress, and the rate and cargoes of macroautophagy can be tailored to facilitate appropriate cellular responses in particular situations.
The activity of mTOR, a known promoter of cell growth, is modulated in response to various stimuli, such as neurotrophic factors and mitogenic hormones, to achieve transcriptional and translational control [ 23, 30– 30].
Polyamine metabolic pathway is one such pathway in plants [ 5] existing under normal developmental phases (organogenesis, embryogenesis, flower and fruit development, and senescence) with a prime function to stabilize macromolecular structures [ 6] and gets modulated in response to various environmental stimuli of both abiotic and biotic nature [ 7].
If, as proposed, eyespots are a novel morphological trait that originated once and was retained and modified in different butterfly species, we may be observing that the developmental gene network that originally gave rise to the eyespot has been modulated differently in various species without modifying the final outcome.
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