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In neurosecretory cells, rising calcium levels control cellular excitability, modulate their firing patterns, and lead to transmitter release.
Both pyramidal cells and interneurons display spontaneous activity so that synaptic inputs modulate their firing rate around a baseline rate.
We show that many reward responsive (RR) VTA neurons modulate their firing rate with SPW-R events of quiet wakefulness.
Thus at times when RA neurons are released from hyperpolarization and NMDAR block, they will be increasingly saturated by their HVC input, thus reducing the capacity of LMAN to further modulate their firing.
The SMA, pre-SMA, and MCC have been shown to contain neurons in monkeys that modulate their firing based on whether the execution of a particular action is adequate in a particular context (Rizzolatti et al. 1990 , 1996, and fMRI studies in humans suggest a similar role (Nakata et al. 2008).
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A large majority of the neurons (81%, 54/67, in the GPe and 72%, 26/36, in the GPi) responded significantly (R2≥0.25 and A≥5) to movement of the upper limb and modulated their firing rate in relation to the movement cycles.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05360.005 Many (20/84) VTA units significantly modulated their firing around SPW-R events (p<0.05, bootstrapped confidence intervals; median baseline-normalized modulation amplitude of 0.15; range 0.0003 1.41; n = 84; Figure 2).
Action potentials in the SCN are necessary for the circadian timing of behavior, and individual SCN neurons modulate their spontaneous firing rate (SFR) over the daily cycle, suggesting that the circadian patterning of neuronal activity is necessary for normal behavioral rhythm expression.
Connected to the vasomotor center of the brain via the afferent pathways, the baroreceptor cells modulate their nervous firing rate when the magnitude of stretch deviates from prior baseline values.
During observation (shown at left), both subgroups modulated their background firing rate shortly after the experimenter's HPR, with peak modulation at DO.
We found three main features of serotonergic neuron activity: (1) a large fraction of serotonergic neurons modulated their tonic firing rates over the course of minutes during reward vs punishment blocks; (2) most were phasically excited by punishments; and (3) a subset was phasically excited by reward-predicting cues.
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