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Kv1.3, but also Kv1.5, subunits expressed by activated microglial cells modulate their proliferation [13], [15].
There is already evidence that estrogen may act directly in female rat thyroid cells to modulate their proliferation and functioning (Santin and Furlanetto, 2011).
We have previously shown that dASC express γ-aminobutyric-acid receptors, which modulate their proliferation and neurotrophic potential, although little is known about the role of other neurotransmitters in ASC.
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The bioinspired materials can mimic the stem cell environment, modulate their differentiation and proliferation, and enhance the cellular and tissue regenerative properties.
Furthermore, the specific temporal pattern of integrin, and growth factor expression relative to the temporal patterns of estrogen-directed vs progesterone-directed morphogenesis, suggest that integrin-mediated signaling may interact with growth factor and steroid hormone signaling pathways to modulate their effects on proliferation and morphogenesis.
TNF-α also promotes tissue fibrosis by stimulating fibroblast proliferation and modulating their chemotaxis [ 36].
Cells use sophisticated mechanisms to functionally connect their molecules and machineries with the aim of activating, sustaining and modulating their critical functions: survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and death [ 1, 2].
The tachykinins act directly on tumor cells, modulating their responses in terms of proliferation and survival but also contribute indirectly by altering the tumor microenvironment and processes related to tumor progression.
C-RAF would preferentially promote anti-apoptotic signaling whilst B-RAF, through the MEK-ERK module, would modulate proliferation of neuroepithelial progenitors.
Among their effects, the most investigated is their capacity to modulate proliferation (for review see Refs. 1 and 2).
Thrombin-activated platelets release numerous growth factors from their α-granules [ 13] that can modulate cell proliferation and differentiation and accelerate soft tissue repair in vivo [ 14].
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