This type of residential segregation has been described previously [ 26] and indicates that further investigation is warranted into as-yet unmeasured aspects of neighborhood settings that may differentially affect smoking behavior such as racial differences in social support and cultural norms.
While a stronger regulatory environment may not be sufficient enough to affect smoking prevalence, this study clearly identifies that the tobacco industry has found a welcome environment for tobacco promotion because of Nigeria's lack of regulations.
Adolescence is a critical period characterized by psychological and behavioral changes that may affect adolescents' smoking behavior [ 7].
In other words, stress at a younger age may affect future smoking; therefore, women who initiated smoking at a later age were more likely to cite stress as a factor.
In contrast to most previous studies, this means we control for time invariant aspects of personality and genetic inheritance that may affect both smoking propensities and choice of working hours.
Our review of the determinants of smoking cessation during pregnancy showed that factors such as socioeconomic status, education level, a partner's smoking habit and passive smoking may affect a woman's smoking behavior during pregnancy [ 18].
