There has been a significant and extensive debate about whether or not extinction and origination throughout the Phanerozoic largely occur in continuous or discrete time and we refer the interested reader to discussions in [37] [40] and the references therein; our focus here is not on this debate but instead on how differences in these definitions may affect the evidence for periodicity.
New nurses are faced with a challenging work environment which, combined with shortcomings in undergraduate education and their limited clinical experience, may affect their evidence-based practice.
In this light, they also studied the modifications that may happen to the file content or metadata during uploading and downloading process, which may affect preservation of evidence, on Android and iOS platforms [53].
Specify any assessment of risk of bias that may affect the cumulative evidence (such as publication bias, selective reporting within studies).
Air pollutants may affect DNA, as evidenced by observations that placental DNA adducts are more common in areas with higher levels of pollution (Topinka et al. 1997) and that altered fetal growth has been associated with PAH DNA adducts (Perera et al. 1998).
Researchers should be aware that dissemination bias may affect different sources of evidence differently.
Limitations in available data and underlying study quality in terms of levels of evidence may affect synthesis of the results therein.
As already mentioned, the occurrence in AGAP005196 of relatively high frequencies of nonsynonymous mutations at both intra- and inter-specific levels may affect the interpretation of evidence of episodic selection along the branch leading to A. melas.
By inhibiting B cells, rituximab (RTX) may affect humoral immunity as evidenced by total IgM and IgG slowly declining with repeated administration.
This advantage was present in patients, having either BRCA 1 (HR 0.20; 95% CI, 0.12 – 0.32), or BRCA 2 (HR 0.21; 95% CI, 0.02 – 1.91) mutations even if in the latter group a small number of patients may affect the strength of evidences.
