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The implication is that plain packaging policy may reduce smoking motivation in current smokers through this mechanism.
Smokers switch to snus as an aid when stopping smoking (6, 7), and snus use may reduce smoking initiation (5, 8).
New prospective longitudinal studies using repeated cotinine and clozapine levels are needed to explore whether clozapine may reduce smoking in some patients.
"While e-cigarettes may reduce smoking rates and attendant adverse health risks, we will not know for sure until these products are researched and regulated," said Peter Paul Yu, president of the 35,000-member American Society of Clinical Oncology, in a statement.
Plain packaging may reduce smoking in current smokers by degrading cue-elicited tobacco-seeking.
Although these studies suggest that plain packs may reduce smoking motivation, further direct examination of whether plain packs reduce actual tobacco-seeking behaviour is required to gain insight into the potential effectiveness of this policy.
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This may be because smoking was less common in females, and this may reduce smoking-related complications and development of another malignancy.
Specific population-level policies may further reduce smoking around children.
Ultimately, while correctional smoking bans may reduce prisoners' smoking in the short term, the evidence suggests that they fail to produce long-term smoking abstinence (Donahue, 2009).
In the past 20 years, Muslim leaders and organisations worldwide have become more outspoken against tobacco use. 1 2 Their fatwas (religious rulings or opinions) forbidding smoking combined with other tobacco control efforts may help reduce smoking prevalence and reinforce emerging secular smoke-free laws that restrict smoking in public spaces.
For example, Harris [ 31] noted that smoking behavior was sensitive to price: a tax reform policy may then reduce smoking in low socioeconomic populations, who are most at risk of lung cancer.
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