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The inductance value was first approximated using an appropriate equation.

This equilibrium frequency, the classic mutation selection balance, was first approximated by Haldane (1927).

The product diffusion coefficient in dilute solutions was first approximated using the Stokes−Einstein equation (eq 5).

Here, the shape of the PC and the posterior IOL surface was first approximated by a Bézier spline, [ 19] i.e., a series of cubic Bézier curves joined end-to-end in control points.

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The nonlinear dynamics of both actuators are first approximated as fractional order models.

In this method, the non-planar crack is first approximated using an equivalent planar crack.

To reduce the number of required FE analyses a multi-level approach is used: the exact solution is first approximated in laminate stiffness space.

Initial disparity is first approximated by an adaptive support-weight and a rank transform method, and then a compact disparity calibration approach is designed to refine the initial disparity, so an accurate result can be acquired.

The subproblems are first approximated by an adaptive piece-wise linearization scheme that provides lower bounds, and the MILP is further relaxed to an LP to improve solution efficiency while providing a valid lower bound.

The solution is first approximated by a summation of EBFs and then completed by satisfying the time dependent boundary conditions as well as the initial conditions through a collocation method.

In this paper, the dynamic multi-objective optimization problem (DMOP) is first approximated by a series of static multi-objective optimization problems (SMOPs) by dividing the time period into several equal subperiods.

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