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Last, we expected (3) to find correlations between siblings indicating familial resemblance on motor timing measures.
It was expected that probands and affected siblings performed worse than controls (mainly on the motor timing measures but not or to a lesser extent on the other motor measures), indicating an association between motor timing deficits and ADHD.
The current study is, to our knowledge, the first to examine motor timing abilities in not only children with ADHD, but also in their siblings, in order to investigate whether motor timing measures might be suitable endophenotypic candidates.
It was expected that (1) children with ADHD would be impaired on motor timing measures and not (or to a lesser extent) on motor measures without a timing component, indicating an association between ADHD and motor timing deficits.
Previous studies on related topics have shown that non-affected siblings of children with ADHD have comparable problems in time reproduction skills as their affected siblings (Rommelse et al. 2007b) and that variability in reaction time shows familial overlap with ADHD (Andreou et al. 2007), giving support to the hypothesis that motor timing measures may be suitable endophenotypic candidates.
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None of these studies, however, used a measure of basic motor speed/variability (without requirements regarding timing/rhythm) in addition to the motor timing measure.
Since group differences were not only present on measures of motor timing, but also on measures of motor output (Baseline Speed), it was investigated whether motor timing impairments may be due to deficits in basic motor output.
For example, timing functions, including motor timing, time estimation and temporal discounting are further refined throughout late childhood and adolescence [ 9– 12].
When timing variability has previously been compared in explicit and implicit measures of motor timing, temporal variance differed across tasks, suggesting that separable timing mechanisms were recruited [7], [8], [26], [36].
Moreover, in contrast to previous studies that compared explicit and implicit measures of motor timing [7], [8], [26], [36], we compare explicit and implicit timing in a more perceptual context.
This task was designed to measure variability of motor timing [ 65].
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