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Membrane hyperpolarization was not evident.

During the PPN stimulation, the membrane hyperpolarization was associated with decreases in the firing capability (n=28) and input resistance (28.5±6.7%, n=14) of the motoneurons.

The maximal dopamine-induced membrane hyperpolarization was not significantly different in juvenile and adult SN DA neurons (Supplementary Table 4).

In the presence of IAA, membrane hyperpolarization was not statistically significant in media without Ca2+ (Table  1, Fig.  6).

In a medium lacking Ca2+, IAA- and FC-induced membrane hyperpolarization was strongly inhibited (Table  1, column Δ Em), although either IAA- or FC-induced growth was strongly stimulated (Figs  2 and 3).

At 30 mM TEA-Cl, FC-induced membrane hyperpolarization was by 30.3 mV more negative than the Em value after 1 h of segment incubation in medium with TEA-Cl.

Furthermore, the AHL-mediated membrane hyperpolarization is leading to increased K+ uptake of the root tissue.

Membrane hyperpolarization is due to an efflux of K+ rises of the opening of the K+ channels in the VSMCs.

For example, the CNGCs channels regulated by the phototransduction cascade and the VGCCs channels regulated by light-induced cell membrane hyperpolarization are located in the outer segments (OS) and in the cell body and synaptic terminal, respectively.

Although GABA is constantly released, the efficacy of the receptor-mediated inhibitory currents (Cl−) and membrane hyperpolarization are enhanced, due to the increased GABAAR numbers at the cell surface.

The large increase of Ca2+ uptake observed at low concentrations of chitosan, which appears to be due to the membrane hyperpolarization, is most interesting and would deserve further investigation regarding this remarkable effect of the hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane on the uptake of the cation.