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The hallmarks of the model include polyarticular inflammation, marked bone resorption, and periosteal bone proliferation.
Figure 4d zooms in on an area where marked bone resorption takes place.
It is characterized by reliable, rapid onset and progression and easily measurable polyarticular inflammation, marked bone resorption, and periosteal bone proliferation [ 9].
This model is robust, the incidence rate of the disease is 100%, and AIA in rats shares many features with RA in humans, such as inflammation, marked bone resorption and periosteal bone proliferation [ 33].
Such bone reduction indicates that calcium-deprived diet induces marked bone resorption on those specific bone areas, mainly devoted in answering metabolic demands, according to the well-known mineral homeostasis, as also reported by other authors [ 26, 29, 30, 34, 35].
Grade 3: Moderate, bone resorption involving subchondral bone with intact articular cartilage and bone interface: Grade 4: Marked, bone resorption involving extensive subchondral and marginal area with loss of intact articular cartilage and bone interface.
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The three-dimensional computed tomography analyses revealed that there was marked bone loss in both cortical and cancellous bones of Sod1−/− mice, which was associated with decreased bone formation and resorption, indicating the presence of low-turnover osteopenia.
12 Further illuminating denosumab's role in the suppression of bone turnover, a meta-analysis of two Phase II studies of denosumab in men and women with bone metastases showed marked suppression of bone resorption markers even in patients who had little biological response to prior bisphosphonate treatment.
However, treatment of 46 RA patients with rituximab revealed a marked reduction of the bone resorption marker beta-crosslaps (βCTX) after 6 months [ 3].
This last finding is in contrast with Jackson [ 7] who, in empty defects in goats at 13 months, found sclerotic bone surrounding the defect adjacent to subchondral areas, sparse bone resorption and marked endochondral bone formation, probably because of the difference in the anatomy and ambulation between sheep and goats.
Taken together, these findings may reflect an underlying positive relationship between birth weight and bone resorption, which is more marked around the time of puberty.
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