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Many parasites have evolved the ability to manipulate host behavior.
Parasites that manipulate host behavior can provide prominent examples of extended phenotypes: parasite genomes controlling host behavior.
A compelling demonstration of adaptation by natural selection is the ability of parasites to manipulate host behavior.
Parasites can adaptively manipulate host behavior resulting in complex extended phenotypes expressed in the bodies of their hosts that serve to increase parasite fitness [ 1].
From a translational perspective, treatments that increase microbial diversity might prevent some microbe populations from reaching the density required for a quorum, thus limiting their capacity to manipulate host behavior.
However, mosquitoes infected with the generalist fungal pathogen C. bassiana, which does not manipulate host behavior as a way to achieve transmission, were found to be less responsive to feeding stimuli, as well [ 123].
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A number of possible mechanisms used by parasites to manipulate hosts' behavior have been considered, including changes to the host's behavioral characteristics, the direct re-ordering of behavioral responses, and the reorientation of hosts' reactions.
Their generation times are quite short compared with a mammal's, allowing them to evolve new tricks faster than mammals can combat them, and their finicky needs can often be fulfilled only by manipulating host behavior.
This study is an ambiguous case of self-medication because it is unclear to what extent the results might be due to the parasitoid adaptively manipulating host behavior, as both parasitoid and host benefit from the change in host behavior.
Quorum sensing may be one route that microbes can use to coordinate behavior in order to manipulate host eating behavior and enhance resource delivery.
Gut microbes may manipulate host eating behavior in ways that promote their fitness at the expense of host fitness.
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