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Many adaptively manipulate host behaviour, so that the extended phenotypes of these parasites and their distributions in space and time are potentially important ecological variables.
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Many parasites have evolved the ability to manipulate host behavior.
Parasites that manipulate host behavior can provide prominent examples of extended phenotypes: parasite genomes controlling host behavior.
A compelling demonstration of adaptation by natural selection is the ability of parasites to manipulate host behavior.
Gut microbes may manipulate host eating behavior in ways that promote their fitness at the expense of host fitness.
On one hand, pathogens were shown to manipulate host encoded enzymes.
In fact many pathogens manipulate host responses through direct and indirect interactions between pathogen and host proteins.
The results of this study provide evidence for how bacteria can target host proteins to manipulate host cell activities.
These 'molecular syringes' inject effectors directly into the host cell, whereupon they manipulate host cell functions [13], [14], [15], [16].
Microbial pathogens often manipulate host cell mechanisms through histone modifications.
SPI-2 T3SS delivers a variety of effector proteins into host cells to manipulate host cellular activities.
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