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Adenylate-uridylate (AU -rich elements (AU -richelementsce instAREsity elements thareare known to be located in the 3′ untransequenceeginstabilityin thousands of human transcripts.
Indeed, several potential cryptic introns and mRNA instability elements were present in the mBFP sequence; for instance, AGGAAGT, GTGGACGT, and GTGAACGT, the homologues of intron splicing donor sequences (AGGTAAGT or GTGTACGT), and ATTTG, the homologue of mRNA instability element (ATTTA), were found.
Although this remains a hypothesis, it seems to be consistent with what previously observed that most of the mRNAs that harbor coding region instability elements happen to be GC-poor [38].
Although our data demonstrate that NF90 binds the dengue 3' SL RNA, dengue RNAs do not have obvious AU-rich instability elements (AREs) that have been described for the IL-2 mRNA [46], and the VEGF mRNA [48].
Since stability and instability elements are most commonly located in the 3'UTR of mRNAs, we cloned the 3'UTRs of 4 genes that fit these requirements, PIDD (LRDD; Fig. 5B), FOXC1 (Fig. 5C), ZNFX1 (KIAA1404; Fig. 5D) and AEN (ISG20L1; Fig. 5E), downstream of a destabilized firefly luciferase gene, and assayed their ability to confer resistance to muSOX and SOX.
Recent studies [ 23, 24] have investigated AU rich instability elements present in the 3' UT region of the human TXNRD1 gene that facilitate mRNA degradation, leading to rapid mRNA turnover.
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Such an inverse correlation between FGF2 protein and mRNA levels has been previously reported and might be mediated by an instability element identified within the FGF2 mRNA 3'untranslated region [30], [31].
Also, a non-AU rich instability element present in the human TXNRD1 3'UT region [ 24] is 83% conserved in the mouse Txnrd1 3'UT region [ 15].
It also contains a distinct C-terminus that lacks the conserved instability element, which has been shown to control both stability and activity of RBf1 (Acharya et al. 2010; Raj et al. 2012).
Rbf1 activity is also regulated during development by proteosome-dependent degradation, which is dependent on a C-terminal instability element that is simultaneously required for corepressor activity (Acharya et al. 2010).
Remarkably, bioinformatics analysis of these two sequences showed that whereas the 3´ UTR-I (LbrM.13.0200 gene) has a PRE motif, which has been implicated in the promastigote-specific expression of several genes [ 24], the 3´ UTR-II (LbrM.13.0190 gene) has an ARE motif, which is recognized as an mRNA instability element [ 25].
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