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Previous experimental studies have successfully identified two important mutations (R487K and E571K) conferring 100 and 25 fold resistance to Amsacrine respectively.

Pearl-Sel shows >1000 fold resistance to spinosad compared to Geneva88 [14].

EC50s for each drug were calculated for each strain and compared to the 2004 strains in order to estimate fold resistance.

For example Luo et al. [53] observed that while MEAM1 from China remained largely susceptible to acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, MED from China expressed 20-170 fold resistance.

Fold resistance was calculated as the ratio between IC50 values in parent and pulse-selected cells.

In both cell lines the fold resistance determined was significantly higher than the fold increase in target enzyme DNA, mRNA or protein levels.

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The doxorubicin-resistant A2780ADR cells showed 18-fold resistance to doxorubicin and were cross-resistant to cisplatin and carboplatin.

S1-M1-80 S1-M1-80 S1-M1-80 S1-M1-80sistant to mitoxantrone than sensitive S1 cells and displayed 150-fold resistance to topotecan.

In contrast to the doxorubicin-resistant cells, MCF-7EPI cells showed larger resistances at dose 9 (94-fold resistance to epirubicin and 39-fold resistance to doxorubicin).

Before selection, the field strain showed 3.1-fold resistance compared to the susceptible strain (CSS).

Especially, 8 displayed outstanding potency against L100I (EC50 = 17 nM with a 2.8-fold resistance ratio) and 18 was relatively more potent to E138K mutant (EC50 = 43 nM with a 4.7-fold resistance ratio).

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