For high liquid flow rate, the gas phase resistance becomes comparable to the liquid phase resistance.
Specifically, three different resistances can be identified; the gas phase resistance, the membrane resistance and the liquid phase resistance, with CO2 concentration gradient to be the driving force in any case.
Vapor-phase resistance is found to be dominant in the extractive distillation column.
Open image in new window Fig. 11 Experimental results of the a-phase resistance load with MCA Open image in new window Fig. 12 Experimental results of the a-phase resistance load without MCA.
The experimental results of the a-phase resistance load with the MCA are shown in Fig. 11.
The fluid phase resistance was estimated as 21% of the overall resistance.
Furthermore, it was also found that intra-phase resistance is directly related to the glucose concentration gradient which induces substrate inhibition (Galaction et al. 2010).
The gas phase resistance can be ignored by attention to the circulation in bubbles and high gas mixing in this column.
Then, the machine copper loss can be calculated as {p}_{Cu}=0.5{n}_{ph}{I}_s^2{R}_s, (23 where R s is the machine phase resistance.
Nevertheless, the combined effects of system conditions indicated the increasing importance of gas phase resistance with increasing degree of PCBs chlorination.
