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In many instances, resistance is due to mutations in the target molecule that disable the interaction of the drug with its target.
It is thought that in most instances, resistance alleles within important housekeeping genes will tend to have harmful fitness effects (Andersson and Hughes 2010 ).
Since the original Th1/Th2 dichotomy emerged, it has become clear that in most instances resistance to infection requires a concerted Th2 response, dependent upon the nexus of IL-4Rα-mediated signalling [ 2,11].
In some instances, resistance mechanisms are induced by the presence of an antibiotic, says José L. Martínez, a microbiologist at the Spanish National Center of Biotechnology, but in most cases resistance arises when susceptible bacteria are killed by the antibiotic and only those resistant few prevail and reproduce.
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Ceramic materials are generally applied in manufacturing products owing to their exceptional properties, for instance, resistance to erosion, elevated temperature, and wear.
Moreover this two layers system is able to provide various features of a learner model for instance resistance against perturbations, modulation of trajectories amplitude and frequency.
For instance, resistance gene xa13 is caused by a mutation disrupting the effector binding affinity of the native S gene Os8N3.
For instance, resistance to lysozyme is mediated by the O-acetyltransferase (oatA) [22] which was shown to be highly expressed during colonization (Fig. 3, 4).
For instance, resistance to penicillins and co-trimoxazole was retained despite the declining use of these drugs.
For instance, resistance has already been developed against the latest first-line anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, in Asia [ 3].
For instance, resistance to arsenic trioxide in leukemia cells has been correlated with high cellular GSH levels and elevated expression of superoxide dismutase 1 [86], [86].
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