which including

USAGE SUMMARY

"which including" is a correct and usable phrase in written English.
It is used to introduce a list of items. For example, "We offer a variety of services, which including bike repair, personal training, and nutrition counseling."

Science

News & Media

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

58 human-written examples

Bears live in 41 states, 27 of which, including New York, allow bear hunts.

The New York Times

He said that he has since repaid the full amount, which including penalties came to more than $200,000.

The New York Times

Hundreds of those belong to direct competitors, a few of which, including Cumulus Media and Univision, have made exclusive deals.

The New York Times

His deportment was a contrast to his Chelsea team, which including swaggering party boys, such as Peter Osgood and Alan Hudson, and the tough-tackling Ron "Chopper" Harris.

The Guardian - Sport

Mr. Hollings noted that the report paid much attention to problems with NASA's "culture" of doing things, which including flawed decision making, incomplete safety procedures and poor communications.

The New York Times

It signifies the presence of the minimum-security John Lilley Correctional Center, which, including inmates and employees, accounts for about 500 of its 950 residents.

The New York Times - Travel

Current workers are paid twice that amount, which, including benefits, costs G.M. about $45 an hour more than those at the lower wage tier.

The New York Times

It's a shame that it's only really viable for an act which, including as it does Jack White, already possesses both presumed financial security and an existing audience.

The Guardian - Music

Hill was the head of sport at ITV between 1968 and 1972, a spell which including fronting the coverage of the 1970 World Cup in Mexico.

The Guardian - Sport

Profits on a statutory basis, which including the £46m contribution to the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, and other items, were £1.2bn, up 23%.

The Guardian - Business

During that experience, which including witnessing recording sessions and rehearsals and long conversations, I saw little tension between Murphy and his band.

The New Yorker

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

For improved clarity, consider replacing "which including" with a more direct phrase like "which includes" or simply "including".

Common error

Avoid using "which including" when "including" alone suffices. "The report, including detailed analysis, is available online" is more concise than "The report, which including detailed analysis, is available online".

Linguistic Context

The phrase "which including" functions as a relative clause introducing additional information or specifying the contents of something mentioned previously. Ludwig provides many examples from varied sources showing different uses of the phrase.

Expression frequency: Very common

Frequent in

Science

44%

News & Media

42%

Wiki

4%

Less common in

Formal & Business

4%

Encyclopedias

0%

Social Media

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

The phrase "which including" is a relative clause used to introduce additional information or examples. Although very common, its grammatical status is often debated, and it can sound awkward in formal writing. As Ludwig AI indicates, rephrasing with alternatives like "which includes" or simply "including" often improves clarity and conciseness. It appears frequently in both scientific and news contexts, but writers should consider more elegant phrasing for enhanced readability.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

including

A more concise way to introduce included items.

which contains

Indicates the presence of something within a larger entity.

that includes

More direct phrasing, emphasizing inclusion.

which comprises

Suggests a complete composition of elements.

which consists of

Emphasizes the components that make up the whole.

and includes

Connects to a previous statement while adding inclusions.

which encompasses

This term implies a broader, more comprehensive inclusion.

which incorporates

Focuses on the integration of elements into a whole.

which is composed of

Highlights the constituents of something.

which features

Highlights prominent aspects or characteristics.

FAQs

How can I use "which including" in a sentence?

While grammatically acceptable, consider replacing "which including" with "which includes" or simply "including" for better clarity. For example, "The project, which including several phases, was successful" could be rephrased as "The project, which includes several phases, was successful".

What's a more concise way to say "which including"?

Using just "including" often makes sentences more concise and readable. Instead of "The menu, which including appetizers and desserts, was well-received", try "The menu, including appetizers and desserts, was well-received".

Are there alternatives to "which including" that improve sentence flow?

Yes, consider alternatives like "which encompasses", "which comprises", or "which incorporates" depending on the context.

Is "which including" always grammatically correct?

While often used, it can sometimes sound awkward. Rephrasing with "which includes" or simply "including" often improves grammatical flow and clarity.