which includes

USAGE SUMMARY

"which includes" is a correct and usable phrase in written English.
It is used to indicate that something (a list, a group, etc) contains other items. Example: The school offers a variety of classes, which includes music, art, and history.

✓ Grammatically correct

News & Media

Academia

Science

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

60 human-written examples

The investigation, which includes toxicology tests, continues.

The New York Times - Sports

She notes its contents, which includes caffeine.

The New Yorker

Which includes basic research.

The New York Times - Magazine

Which includes more writing.

The New York Times

Double rooms cost US$145 977), which includes breakfast.

Independent

Fee, $35, which includes lunch.

The New York Times - Arts

Fee, $55, which includes transportation.

The New York Times - Arts

Ticket: $18, which includes dinner.

The New York Times

Fee, $36, which includes lunch.

The New York Times - Arts

Fee: $5, which includes gallery admission.

The New York Times - Arts

The class, which includes lunch, is $50.

The New York Times - Food

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

Use "which includes" to introduce examples that are part of a larger category or group. Be sure the examples are relevant and clarify the main subject.

Common error

Avoid using "which includes" repeatedly in a short span of text. Vary your language with synonyms like "containing", "comprising", or "such as" to maintain reader engagement.

Linguistic Context

The phrase "which includes" functions as a nonrestrictive relative clause, adding extra, non-essential information about the noun phrase it modifies. Ludwig AI confirms that it is a correct and usable English phrase, supported by numerous examples.

Expression frequency: Very common

Frequent in

News & Media

63%

Academia

15%

Science

12%

Less common in

Formal & Business

6%

Encyclopedias

2%

Wiki

2%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

In summary, "which includes" is a versatile phrase used to introduce examples or specify contents as detailed by Ludwig. As a nonrestrictive relative clause, it provides supplementary information, clarifying and elaborating on a subject. Its neutral register makes it suitable for diverse contexts from news to academic writing. Keep in mind the alternative phrases available to you and don't overuse "which includes".

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

containing

This term has slightly wider sense referring to general content, not exclusively a subset.

that encompasses

This sounds a bit more formal and comprehensive.

comprising

A more formal synonym, suggesting a complete enumeration of parts.

consisting of

Focuses on the components that make up the whole.

incorporating

Suggests a blending or integration of elements.

that covers

Implies a scope or range.

involving

Highlights participation or implication rather than strict inclusion.

that features

Draws attention to prominent or notable elements.

such as

Introduces examples without implying a comprehensive list.

together with

Indicates an additive relationship rather than a subset.

FAQs

How to use "which includes" in a sentence?

Use "which includes" to add clarifying details or examples after a noun or noun phrase. For instance, "The curriculum, "which includes" math and science, is designed to be comprehensive."

What can I say instead of "which includes"?

You can use alternatives like "such as", "containing", or "comprising" depending on the context.

Is it correct to say "that includes" instead of "which includes"?

Both "which includes" and "that includes" can be grammatically correct, but "which" is typically used for nonrestrictive clauses (adding extra information), while "that" is used for restrictive clauses (essential information).

What's the difference between "which includes" and "which consists of"?

"Which includes" implies that the listed items are examples or a subset, while "which consists of" suggests a complete list of all components.