which has caused

USAGE SUMMARY

"which has caused" is correct and usable in written English.
You can use it when referring to something that resulted in a certain consequence. For example: The economic downturn of the last decade, which has caused financial hardship for many, is showing signs of easing.

✓ Grammatically correct

News & Media

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

56 human-written examples

But who shall sit atop that pointy, uncomfortable chair which has caused all this drama?

The Guardian - TV & Radio

Some Japanese blamed the stabbing on the country's economic woes, which has caused increased unemployment.

The New York Times

There was little expectation that the fighting, which has caused countless casualties, would end now.

The New York Times

"I had a strongly emotional nature which has caused me boundless joy and infinite pain.

The New Yorker

She is quite dependent upon me, especially financially, which has caused plenty of resentment.

The New Yorker

Police also fire the canisters directly at people's heads, which has caused serious injuries and deaths.

The Guardian

"She has overseen a period of chaos and confusion in assessment which has caused great disruption.

The Guardian

I'll also be tackling the Manning Marable biography of Malcolm X, which has caused some fuss.

The New Yorker

The rivers have been dammed, which has caused bushes to spring up in deserts.

The New Yorker

Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources

Similar Expressions

2 human-written examples

(The House bill does strike these provisions, which has caused concern).

The Washington Post

Rumor has it that the Wallet team has been too "siloed," which has caused some issues.

TechCrunch

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

When using "which has caused", ensure that the 'which' clause is nonrestrictive and adds extra information rather than being essential to the sentence's meaning. If the clause is essential, use 'that' instead of 'which'.

Common error

Avoid using "which has caused" in restrictive clauses. Restrictive clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence and should use 'that' instead. For example, incorrectly using "which" would look like: 'The policy, which has caused controversy, will be reviewed' (incorrect). Correct usage: 'The policy that has caused controversy will be reviewed'.

Linguistic Context

The phrase "which has caused" functions as a causal connector, linking a previous statement or event to its consequence. It introduces a nonrestrictive relative clause that explains the outcome of the initial action, as supported by Ludwig's examples.

Expression frequency: Very common

Frequent in

News & Media

87%

Academia

6%

Formal & Business

4%

Less common in

Science

2%

Encyclopedias

0%

Wiki

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

In summary, "which has caused" functions as a causal connector, linking a previous statement to its consequence. Ludwig AI validates its grammatical correctness and highlights its frequent usage in news and media contexts. The phrase introduces nonrestrictive clauses to explain outcomes, and while adaptable to different registers, it remains largely neutral in tone. Remember to use "which" for nonrestrictive clauses and "that" for restrictive ones to avoid common errors. Consider alternative phrases like "leading to" or "resulting in" for stylistic variation.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

because of which

Directly states the reason or cause.

due to which

Similar to "because of which", focusing on the cause.

resulting in

Similar to "which has caused", but emphasizes the outcome or consequence.

leading to

Expresses direct causation with a focus on the result.

thereby causing

Indicates that something is directly responsible for the result.

which in turn caused

Suggests a chain reaction where the initial cause leads to another cause and then the final result.

giving rise to

Implies that something has initiated or created something else.

owing to

Suggests the cause of an event or situation.

on account of

Explains the reason or cause for something.

attributable to

Focuses on the source or reason for something.

FAQs

How to use "which has caused" in a sentence?

Use "which has caused" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause that explains the result of a previous action or event. For example: "The heavy rain, "which has caused" flooding, has disrupted transportation".

What can I say instead of "which has caused"?

You can use alternatives like "leading to", "resulting in", or "because of which" depending on the context.

Which is correct, "which has caused" or "that has caused"?

"Which has caused" is used for nonrestrictive clauses, providing additional information. "That has caused" is used for restrictive clauses, essential to the sentence's meaning. Choose based on whether the clause is essential or just adds extra detail.

What's the difference between "which has caused" and "due to which"?

"Which has caused" introduces a clause describing a consequence. "Due to which" is a prepositional phrase that directly indicates the cause. The nuance is in the structure and emphasis: 'The error, "which has caused" a delay, is being addressed' versus 'The delay is "due to which" an error'.