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These distinctions can mean everything to heavy smokers for whom each detail in the smoking ritual — a "moment in the day," as Mr. Vuleta summarizes the experience of each cigarette — adds up to something exquisite.
While investors in Altria may celebrate the almost tripling in value of their stock in the last four years, their joy is not shared by the tens of millions of smokers for whom smoking is not a choice, nor by the families of more than 1.3 million Americans killed by smoking since 2003.
Available research demonstrates that substance abusing youth are heavy cigarette smokers for whom the behavior persists into adulthood.
Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included smokers for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful.
For non-smokers, for whom the health information is not self-relevant findings show mixed results, with attention preferences for coping information only when the information is combined with a low threat photo.
(Rooke et al., 2013, p. 111) Studies found that there were smokers with various life-circumstances for whom being a smoker was still a positive identity as they considered their internalized smoker identity to be a relatively better life choice and morally superior to being a drug user or alcoholic.
§Includes 21 who reported being non-smokers on questionnaire responses and for whom no attempt was made at validation.
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Maria Pia Montoro
Terminologist and Q/A Analyst @ Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union