Sentence examples for mutations are drawn from inspiring English sources

Those results are in accordance with the idea that beneficial mutations are drawn in the right-hand tail of the distribution of mutational effects, so that their distribution belongs to the exponential family, as predicted by the extreme value theory [ 15].

To generate novel genetic variation, mutations are drawn from an assumed distribution that is centered on the phenotypic position of each individual (Fig. 1).

The effects (selection coefficients) of both beneficial and deleterious mutations are drawn from continuous probability distributions.

The three genes and locations of the mutations are drawn roughly to scale.

Natural selection affects which mutations are maintained or purged from the population, but all adaptive mutations are drawn from the original pool of raw mutations.

Mutations were drawn from normal distributions with mean zero and standard deviations σ a and σ r, respectively.

At a transmission event, the number of non-antigenic mutations was drawn from a Poisson distribution with mean λ.

Moreover, Figure 3 displays results for simulations in which the fitness effects of new mutations were drawn from an exponential and a gamma distribution (with shape parameter k = 2), respectively.

The size of each of these antigenic mutations was drawn from a gamma distribution with a mean of 0.012 and a shape parameter of 2. The antigenic difference σij between the virus i in the infecting host and the virus j in the host becoming infected was calculated as the sum of the sizes of the antigenic mutations occurring at transmission.

We have rewritten the Materials and methods section accordingly ("At a transmission event, the number of non-antigenic mutations was drawn from a Poisson distribution with mean l which resulted in a stable deleterious mutation load over time". 5) There is still a lack of clarity and the role of competition between antigenic variants in the model.

The effects (δm, δf, h) of a mutation are drawn from a distribution u δm, δf, h), which is such that the dominance (h) of a mutant is independent from its homozygotic effects (δm, δf), and mutants have on average no phenotypic effect E[ δm] = E[ δf] = 0.