Importantly, the IKBKAP association with HSCR bearing RET CDS mutations was replicated in the same Chinese population.
To evaluate reproducibility, tumour samples that were found to contain a significant mutation were replicated in at least duplicate.
Hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) show instantaneous and high-ratio mutations when they are replicated, some sorts of which significantly affect the efficiency of virus replication through enhancing or depressing the viral replication, while others have no influence at all.
The most frequent mutations of BRCA1 gene which are replicated in multiple Norwegian studies are 1135insA, 1675delA, 816delGT, 3203del11, and 3347delAG [ 50, 51].
The mutations and the evolutionary trajectories driving these epidemics are replicated using a simple cell-based experimental setup where the rate of evolution is intentionally accelerated.
For all samples with possible mutations, sequencing was replicated in forward and reverse orientation using an additional affected family member (or using the original patient if no other affected individual had been sampled) in order to confirm the presence of the mutation.
The 1627A.T (exon 10), 3972delTGAG (exon 11), and 7708C.T (exon 15) harmful mutations in BRCA2 were replicated in multiple Korean population studies [ 113].
In order to be considered authentic, any mutations observed had to be replicated in sequences from two separate extracts.
Mutations occur when DNA is replicated and cells divide (by meiosis and mitosis) and are passed to the next generation; thus variation in both generation time [ 17] and plant height [ 20] are likely to explain variation in DNA substitution rates.
High mitotic rates can increase cancer risk by increasing the chance of mutations occurring and of being replicated before they are repaired, and can also increase the growth of early tumours [ 20].
