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William B. Isaacs, a prostate cancer expert at Johns Hopkins University, called the new finding "very exciting" and added that until now "there haven't really been any clear-cut examples of genes identified by one group and reproduced across multiple study populations".
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), known to be associated with obesity (FTO rs9939609), has been robustly associated with increased body mass index (BMI) and obesity in multiple study populations [23] [26].
Contemporary validation methods require that disease associations are observable in multiple study populations.
Multiple study populations (e.g., more than one case or control group) were reported in 25.4percentt of the articles.
The databases also provide the added benefit of increased statistical power by facilitating pooling of data from multiple study populations.
More recently, GWAS studies have led to the identification of over 40 prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs that have been replicated in multiple study populations.
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This review demonstrated that better PS (lower Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS score or higher KPS score) was prognostic for better outcomes (tumor response or survival) in 73% of studies evaluating PS, adding to the extensive evidence that supports the prognostic importance of PS across multiple studies, patient populations, and treatments.
Despite low birthweight being a crude marker of an adverse intrauterine environment, it has, with remarkable consistency, been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes as well as impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance in multiple studies, including population-based epidemiological investigations [ 10].
Although these increases in AER are small in magnitude, their clinical importance is supported by data showing that AER in what has been considered the "normal range" (<30 mg/24 h) confers independent and significant risk for cardiovascular events and/or death in multiple studies including population-based (8) and cardiac disease (9) cohorts.
Other studies also reported multiple comparisons however the study populations were considerably larger (Table 1).
Where multiple publications included overlapping study populations, we included the publication that considered the largest number of cases and/or that evaluated results based on the longest follow-up.
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various study populations
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