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Such data would further highlight the relevance and practicality of in vitro organotypic models for toxicology assessment.
Mannelli and coauthors present in vitro models for toxicology in human pregnancy, extremely important since in vivo models cannot be used.
As the 1980s drew to a close, the NTP began developing transgenic mouse models for toxicology and carcinogenicity testing, a new approach that would allow easier detection of end points such as tumors.
In recent years, a push towards in vitro models for toxicology and drug development has arisen partly from the cost associated with animal models, but also from regulation that requires the reduction and replacement of animal experimentation.
The mouse is a tractable and popular model for human diseases; however animal models for toxicology studies may not be the best choice for modeling the potential impact on the human genome if the repertoire of epigenetically labile genes is markedly species dependent.
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The scientific remarks concentrated on the supposedly inadequate choice of the Sprague Dawley rat strain, which is, however, a classic model for toxicology [17].
Medaka has also been widely used as a model for toxicology research (for example, [21], [22]).
At a recent conference, two colleagues discovered that they had both unsuccessfully attempted to alter depression-like behaviour in the CD1 mouse strain (a widely used animal model for toxicology studies) with a variety of classical antipsychotics.
Moreover, Hep G2, human liver carcinoma cell line, is a suitable model for toxicology studies, since their enzymatic equipment is very similar to hepatocytes [ 32] and HEK293T, human embryonic kidney cell line, is widely used as in vitro system for cytotoxicity testing [ 27, 33, 34].
Accordingly, viable alternatives are regularly developed, and in the specific case of the human lung, in vitro models for inhalation toxicology that mimic in vivo toxic events that may occur in the human lung, are welcomed.
In combination with three-dimensional (3D) culture supported by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, human stem cell-based systems can mimic the microenvironment of the in vivo niche, thus providing adequate human-specific models for pharmaco-toxicology (reviewed in Trosko and Chang 2010).
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