To facilitate understanding of the immune system by showcasing innovative advances in the expanding field of immunology, drawing from studies in all organisms and model systems including humans.
The Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) offers several advantages over traditional mammalian model systems, including economic husbandry, high fecundity, and rapid ex utero development.
The flavonoid pathway leading to anthocyanins has been well-characterized in a number of model systems, including maize, petunia, snapdragon and, more recently, Arabidopsis.
The results were obtained by analyzing the interactions in crystal structures from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and by ab initio calculations of the benzene-water dimer model systems including the CCSD(T) level of electron correlation correction.
Model systems, including Drosophila, mice, and cell culture, have provided insight into the molecular relationship of components within the Hippo pathway and their control of cell division, apoptosis, and ultimately, organ size.
Vectors based on these capsids were benchmarked against AAV8 and AAV2 in a number of in vitro and in vivo model systems including C57BL/6 mice, immune-deficient mice that are partially repopulated with human hepatocytes, and nonhuman primates.
We also discuss the use of heterologous expression to establish model systems including perfect repeat peptides based on motifs present in gliadins and glutenin subunits and 'analogue glutenin proteins' based on C hordein of barley.
Multiple model systems including mouse cell lines expressing SS18-SSX, and genetically engineered mouse models of synovial sarcoma have been developed to elucidate the role of the chimeric gene in synovial sarcomagenesis.
Cloning and sequencing of ERG3 has been reported in several model systems including Arabidopsis thaliana [27] and Homo sapiens [28].
(Fig. 9) Age-dependent impairment of learning and memory is a hallmark of aging in complex organisms and is observed in many model systems, including Drosophila [24].
Similar to autophagy, the involvement of MAPKs in apoptosis have been demonstrated in a variety of model systems, including cytokines activation, oxidative stress, irradiation, and death receptor activation[35], [52], [53], [54].
