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As it was demonstrated for actin cytoskeleton, the activation of Rac1 in response to receptor stimulation enhances cell spreading and migration by stimulating actin polymerization at the plasma membrane and promoting the formation of lamellipodia or membrane ruffles.
Rac1 is a member of Rho family and regulates cell migration by stimulating actin polymerisation to form lamellipodia (Carragher and Frame, 2004).
Specifically, data regarding PDGFRα provide strong support for the existence of this mechanism, as activation of PDGFRα plays dual roles in neural crest cell (NCC) migration by stimulating chemotaxis and regulating cell motility (He and Soriano, 2013; Vasudevan and Soriano, 2014).
One of the major effects of this signalling transduction and association of VEGFR2 with β1 integrin is to regulate cell migration by stimulating FA formation, thus explaining our observation of reduced migration, reduced actin cytoskeleton formation and FA assembly in TG2 inhibited or TG2 downregulated HUVECs.
Moreover, glutamate released by cultured cortical neurons could promote OPCs migration by stimulating NMDAR TT lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1), a Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rac1-GEF) that is coexpressed and interacts with NMDAR in OPCs, would antagonize NMDAR and suppress migration [ 70].
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Recently, Sakamoto and colleagues found that overexpression of Talin-1 enhanced prostate cancer cell adhesion, migration and invasion by stimulating FAK, Src and GSK3β independently of integrin signaling and also conferred resistance to anoikis [ 18].
The expression of PAK1 in colon cancer cells promoted transformation through facilitating the ERK/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathway and enhanced cell migration and survival by stimulating AKT [ 31].
With regards to TGF β, in physiologic conditions it acts prevalently as modulator of bone deposition, by stimulating migration, proliferation, and survival of osteoblasts, while its tumorigenic properties promote PCa cell migration and metastasis [ 105].
MET promotes the melanoma phenotype by stimulating migration, invasion, resistance to apoptosis, and tumor cell growth.
FGF2 induces angiogenesis by stimulating migration and proliferation of endothelial cells.
These results provide the evidence that IGF-II directly induces angiogenesis by stimulating migration and morphological differentiation of endothelial cells, and suggest that IGF-II may play a crucial role in the progression of tumorigenesis by promoting the deleterious neovascularization.
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