Sentence examples for microbial stimuli such from inspiring English sources

Importantly, if microbial stimuli such as plasma LPS are drivers of immune activation and ultimately contribute to CD4 T cell decline and HIV disease, then viral suppressive therapy would only be expected to have limited or delayed affect on CD4 recovery and prevention of opportunistic infections.

However, the reported arthritis phenotype was reproduced with an acute exposure to microbial stimuli such as the β-glucan containing and fungus-associated product zymosan [ 20, 21].

Indeed, the disease phenotype can be reproduced when SKG mice are exposed to microbial stimuli such as the fungal cell wall components zymosan or β-glucan curdlan [ 20, 21].

The discovery of the role of intestinal microbiota came from the hygienic hypothesis [ 23] following the observation that the incidence of spontaneous T1D in the NOD mouse colony can be affected by the microbial environment in the animal housing facility [ 125] or by exposure to microbial stimuli such as injection with mycobacterium or various microbial products [ 126, 127].

In addition to TLRs, other important families of PRRs are plasma-membrane and cytoplasmic receptors, including the C type lectins, which recognize a range of microbial stimuli from pathogens such as HIV, HCV, Helicobacter pylori, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [ 20, 21], and NOD proteins, which recognize components of intracellular bacteria [ 22].

External stimuli such as microbial infections, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical stressors induce their synthesis.

DCs readily respond to diverse stimuli such as microbial products, cytokines and tissue damage, all of which converge on the NF-κB pathway [ 30].

The activation of NADPH oxidase is induced by receptor ligation and engulfment of microbial pathogens, chemical or various stimuli, such as PMA, fMLP, or zymosan.

MIF protein is stored in pre-formed, cytoplasmic pools and is rapidly released in response to stimuli such as microbial products, proliferative signals and hypoxia [ 3, 4, 11] through a nonconventional ABC transporter pathway [ 12].

Exposure to extracellular stimuli, such as microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as internally initiated stress signals derived from reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, or endoplasmatic reticulum stress, initiates signaling pathways that activate the gene expression-inducing capacity of NF- κB [ 1].

Human Viperin, also known as RSAD2 or Cig5, plays a key role in the host immune response system in response to a wide variety of dsRNA and DNA viruses, microbial infection, and other immune stimuli such as artheroschleritic lesions and pregnancy.