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However, most of these kinetic studies were performed with mixed (and not well defined) microbial systems, such as activated sludge.
Thus, fast-growing microbial systems, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can be genetically engineered to achieve high productivity by systematically designing terpenoid synthetic routes and improving its precursor, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) production.
Various microbial systems such as Schizophyllum commune, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Peniophora sp. have been employed for delignification of different biomasses (Shankar and Shikha 2012; Pandiyan et al. 2014; Kumar et al. 2015).
While phenotype sequencing can be useful for well-established microbial systems such as E. coli, it may have special value for genetically intractable organisms like Chlamydia, an important human pathogen.
Previous studies geared towards improving the predictive ability of metabolic models have used growth phenotype inconsistencies for single gene mutation experiments in microbial systems such as E. coli [ 18, 19].
Empirically two- and three-way trade-offs have been observed in several microbial systems, such as maximum growth rate vs. yield (i.e., biomass produced per unit resource) in E. coli[ 2], nitrogen and phosphorous affinity and cell volume in phytoplankton [ 3], or ability to adapt to a CO 2 enriched environment and competitive ability [ 4].
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Those studies have demonstrated the great potential of such microbial systems to generate biopolymers with novel chemical structures and distinctive functional properties.
The recent interest in production of transportation fuels from renewable resources has catalyzed numerous research endeavors that focus on developing microbial systems for production of such natural products.
Plant cell suspension culture production of recombinant products offers a number of advantages over traditional microbial and/or mammalian host systems such as their intrinsic safety, cost-effective bioprocessing, and the capacity for protein post-translational modifications.
Simple, accessible tools were developed for the study of microbial ecology and metabolic processes that occur within this habitat, since the understanding of the microbiota niche interaction is fundamental to describing microbial impacts on engineered systems such as compacted bentonite barriers.
A biological alternative for the detoxification process would be the employment of microbial systems and their enzymes such as laccases.
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