Sentence examples for microbial stimuli is from inspiring English sources

The response of host immune cells to microbial stimuli is dependent on robust and coordinated gene expression programs involving the transcription of thousands of genes.

The reduced expression of antimicrobial factors in IEC from mice depleted of commensal microbiota (to levels similar to that of germ free mice) demonstrate that continuous presence of microbial stimuli is required to maintain normal expression level of these genes.

Elegant studies using cell type restricted deletion of the Fas gene clearly showed that loss of Fas on DCs, which induce expression of this DR on exposure to microbial stimuli, is sufficient to cause systemic autoimmunity in mice.

An emerging view on the transcriptional networks that dictate the response of macrophages while encountering microbial stimuli is that they consist of pioneer lineage-specific (e.g., CEBPβ, PU.1), basal (e.g., JunB, ATF3), and stimulus-inducible (NF-κB, IRFs, AP.1) TFs (Garber et al., 2012).

Subsequently, the microbial stimuli were added to the cells with the inhibitors for an additional 24 h.

While extracellular microbial stimuli are sensed by surface-associated Toll-like receptors [ 1], recognition of intracellular pathogen and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) is mediated by cytosolic sensor proteins.

In cells of the innate immune system, the transcriptional response to a microbial stimulus is tailored to both the stimulus and cell type, suggesting the existence of highly sophisticated regulatory mechanisms.

Stimulation of DCs with a microbial stimulus is known to mobilize intracellular calcium that favors pro-inflammatory Th1 responses [16].

This is of interest in T1D, where microbial stimuli have been linked to the development of the disease (3, 4).

Beyond direct effects of tobacco smoke, it is possible that inflammatory responsiveness to subsequent microbial stimuli could be suppressed after prior smoke exposure.

Thus, unlike the brain, where the present and recent data point to a universal dependence on IL-1, in extracerebral tissues there appears to be a context-dependent requirement for IL-1 depending on whether the stimulus is microbial or sterile.