Sentence examples for mechanisms including alternative from inspiring English sources

HIV, a lentivirus belonging to the Retroviridae family of viruses, has a ∼9.6kb diploid RNA genome, encoding nine genes and at least 15 protein products, resulting from various mechanisms including alternative splicing, ribosomal frame shifting and proteolytic cleavage of the proteome [2], [3].

Interestingly, all three genes were found to produce several isoforms through different mechanisms, including alternative splicing [ 2, 3].

Isoform-specific transcripts can arise from different molecular mechanisms, including alternative promoter usage, alternative pre-mRNA splicing, alternative polyadenylation or alternative mRNA degradation [reviewed in [ 5]].

Aberrant activation of MET signaling is a tumor-promoting event in a variety of malignancies and can be induced by several mechanisms, including alternative mRNA splicing, exon skipping and crosstalk with other receptors [ 13].

Furthermore, recent data in plants [ 45] and animals [ 46] suggest that a variety of mechanisms, including alternative splicing and the specific binding of protein factors, can regulate the efficiency with which pri- or pre-miRNAs are processed.

Several studies showed that A-to-I RNA editing of Alu elements can affect gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including alternative splicing, mRNA stability, nuclear retention, and microRNA biogenesis and targeting (Chen and Carmichael 2003, 2009; Chen et al. 2008; Nishikura 2006; Prasanth et al. 2005).

Microsatellites are repetitive DNA regions that occur throughout the genome, and variations within microsatellites can affect cellular function through mechanisms including promoting alternative splicing [ 11], altering protein sequence [ 12], and affecting gene regulation [ 13, 14].

Many mechanisms controlling gene expression, including alternative TSSs and non-coding and antisense transcriptional controls, have been discovered [ 4, 5].

Through this bridge to adaptive immunity, a suite of type 2 innate effector mechanisms come into play, including alternative activation of macrophages, recruitment of eosinophils, and transformation of the intestinal environment through mast cell, goblet cell and epithelial cell activation.

The identification of recurrent telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations in 21%% of 91 medulloblastomas [ 13] is intriguing, since other mechanisms converging on increased telomerase activity including alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) [ 8] or mutations affecting the ATRX/DAXX complex are excessively uncommon in medulloblastoma [ 12, 25, 32, 34, 39].

It is believed patients on MKIs develop drug resistance through several mechanisms, including induction of alternative signaling pathways which bypass the drug targets.