The attractive particles' interactions are believed to be due to a combination of Cu II -mediated meCu II -mediateding: electrostatic-charge patch attraction, van der Waals attraction, adsorbed ion–particle bridging, surface nucleation and cemechanisms
The repulsive mechanisms include electrostatic repulsion between the chondroitin sulfate (CS -GAGs and the negatively CS -GAGsandno acids on collagen molecules, excluded volume effecthe hydrationegatively as chargedaminoacidsranslational, and rotational entropicollagenies.
Therefore, the adsorbents follow multiple mechanisms during adsorption, including electrostatic attraction and surface complexation, which causes the occurrence of multilayer sorption.
It is characterized by a high content of nitrogen, present as amine groups capable of binding the metal ion through several mechanisms, including chemical interactions, such as chelation, electrostatic interactions (or) ion-exchange.
The hydrophilic-subtraction model, which was designed based on the widely recognized HILIC retention mechanisms including hydrophilic partitioning, hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions, was established by the retention of 41 solutes with various properties on 8 representative HILIC columns.
EDX and XPS analyses demonstrated the adsorption mechanism of Cr VI) onto FFAC included electrostatic attraction, ligant exchange, and redox reaction.
The molecular-level interactions mediating the electrostatic attraction of the positively charged residues to the GAG included electrostatic contacts and hydrogen bonds (Supporting Information, Figure 1).
Each of these models includes electrostatic interactions between polycations and anionic bacterial phospholipids leading to pore formation.
These mechanisms include complexation, coordination, physiochemical mechanisms, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange combinations, micro-precipitation, adsorption and chelation (Vijayaraghavan and Yun 2008; Wang and Chen 2006).
High sorption of metal ions (Cu, Co, Cd, Zn, Mn, and Pb) on MWCNTs and Hg2+ on nC60 have also been reported; mechanisms included a combination of chemical complexation, electrostatic attraction, and/or cation-π interaction.
