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Study methods that collect and incorporate more comprehensive confounder data on a validation cohort may reduce confounding bias.
We reviewed and validated all cases of pneumonia, specifically excluding nosocomial pneumonia, which may reduce confounding from health differences between statin users and non-users.
Specifically crystalline lens transmittance and papillary area have been found affect circadian photoreception, although controlling for age may reduce confounding from these factors.
The adjustment may reduce confounding, but does also introduce a substitution aspect in the interpretation of the results.
Nevertheless, while this might raise concern for potential confounding, selection of specific biologics over another that are dictated solely by insurance type rather than patient characteristics may reduce confounding and bias due to channeling.
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17 Matching is a technique used to reduce confounding.
However, unlike other similar studies [8, 24], our control subjects were at-risk patients who share more features with ARDS cases, which may have reduced confounding variables compared to the use of healthy controls.
This way may reduce the confounding, and point to the independent effect of polypharmacy on the risk of fall-related fractures in older patients.
These findings support that assessment of baseline depressive symptoms in dietary intervention studies may reduce potential confounding and enhance generalizability [ 2].
Controlling for the healthy survivor effect by considering the ability to work (years of work) and live into retirement (time off work) in the regression models also may reduce uncontrolled confounding by other lifestyle-related factors and might further address adjustment for smoking behavior.
Adjusting for SES may have reduced confounding due to factors such as antioxidant intake, which is related to SES.
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