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The material surface chemistry and the electronic configuration of the surface complexes have major influences on the reactivity and properties [35].
Material surface chemistry was analyzed using FTIR and the changes caused by modification were gained as differential spectra by subtraction of the spectra of non-modified material.
Many studies have shown that cell biomaterial interactions can activate macrophages which results in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory agents such as TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1, and IL-6[28, 29] Most likely, the surface properties, such as material surface chemistry and topography, can modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages in a time-dependent manner[30].
The roles played by the material surface chemistry of the nanotubes did not have an effect on the adhesion, growth or morphology, but had a major influence on the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblast cells, with the original TiO2 chemistry having higher ALP levels.
Consequently, the effect of the material surface chemistry is indirectly received by cells via the adsorbed layer of FN.
Identification of structure property relationships between material surface chemistry and biological response can be achieved using multivariate analysis (MVA).
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The key questions addressed by three‐dimensional culture models, biomimetic materials, surface chemistry, topography, and their interaction with cells in terms of durotaxis, mechano‐regulation, and complex spatial cueing are reviewed to give context to future strategies for biomimetic technology.
The specific immunological active sites of the polyurethane-adsorbed protein were compared with IgG's adsorbed state on a homopolymeric material with surface chemistry conducive to cell interactions, e.g. tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS).
In addition to mechanical stimulation, the geometry of the implant (length and diameter) and the material's surface chemistry and topology are other parameters that positively or negatively affect osseointegration [ 6].
In this light, a new implant should be designed not only with respect to mechanical properties (mechanical strength and elastic modulus of the bulk material) and surface chemistry, but frictional and bone ingrowth properties should be taken in account as well in order to avoid implant failure [ 10].
Designing a protein chip entails the use of proteo-chemistry, materials science, surface chemistry and countless other disciplines which make the whole process far more complex than producing a gene chip.
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material surface treatment
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material surface durability
material surface topography
material surface operation
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