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It must be noted, however, that there exists heterogeneity of gene expression in myofibroblastic cells during fibrogenesis which reduces the usefulness of α-SMA as a marker for collagen production [36].
Collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase resides within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [ 18] and its expression is used as a marker for collagen synthesis [ 21, 22].
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase plays a central role in the synthesis of all collagen types and is a marker for collagen producing cells [ 13].
A high level of procollagen type I, a marker for collagen synthesis, has been detected in the serum of patients with recurrent breast cancer [ 37].
Specifically, C2C (the marker for collagen type II damage) could predict subsequent short-term as well as long-term radiographic damage in RA, and more specifically joint space width narrowing.
Similar(55)
In the third phase, cells begin to migrate apart and produce an ECM consisting of primarily collagen type VI, a known developmental marker, for collagens and CS-6 for GAGs.
LOX plays a central role in catalysing collagen cross-linking within the extracellular matrix [ 32] and has been established as a surrogate marker for collagen-synthesizing cells [ 33].
Results also showed that α-SMA is not an ideal marker for collagen-secreting cells in interstitial injuries, because many (myo)fibroblasts that do not express α-SMA are able to deposit collagen (Boor et al., 2010; Farris and Colvin, 2012; Hinz et al., 2012).
The two markers for collagen degradation originate from type II collagen (C2C) and from type I as well as type II collagen (C1,2C), reflecting cartilage and bone degradation.
Markers for collagen and its synthesis collagen 1, collagen 3, fibronectin, tenascin-c, transforming growth factor-β fibromodulin, and markers of collagen breakdown matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metallopeptidase inhibitor-2 were significantly increased in the tendinopathic region.
A weak but significant correlation between compliance and markers for collagen turnover was recently described [ 6], with a logarithmic pattern consistent with a model of collagen-dependent maximal distension.
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