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Exact(18)
Concerning the latter, a classification that is based upon the aetiology of vascular malformations may be a more useful approach to assessing vascular malformative diseases in general, of which arteriovenous malformations are but a subgroup [ 3].
According to form, two main classes of malformations may be recognized: those with defective or excessive growth in a single body, and those with partial or complete doubling of the body on one of its axes.
Congenital malformations may be acquired, e.g. after a gestational viral infection such as by rubella or cytomegalovirus, due to a genetic cause or the result of a combination of both, as in aminoglucoside-induced deafness with underlying mitochondrial DNA mutations [3].
Some malformations may be easily detected by macroscopic inspection of the brain others may be more discrete and need a more sophisticated approach including histopathological examinations by light microscopy and a quantitative analysis of the size of specific brain areas or numbers of neurons.
Various types of vascular malformations may be encountered: AVMs, micro-AVMs, telangiectasias and arteriovenous fistulas.
However, these malformations may be multifactorial in their etiology.
Similar(42)
The ocular structures derived from surface ectoderm, as lens or cornea, is lacking and the extra-ocular muscle surrounding the malformation may be normal or defective.
However, the caudal pointing p1 and p2 cartilages in Figure 4C suggests the cause of this malformation may be lack of development of the underlying endoderm.
The larvae crawl out at night and suck blood from the nose and ear cavities of chicks, resulting in malformations that may be fatal or leave them too weak to fledge.
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may be cured by injecting liquid embolic agents such as Onyx.
Animal tests indicate that benzene does not cause malformations but may be toxic to the embryo / fetus.
Related(19)
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