FGFR3 deletion on the other hand is not embryonic lethal but mice display skeletal malformations that may lead to premature death (see section on skeletal/mesenchymal stem cells below), whereas FGFR4 null mice show no obvious phenotype.
Although our case was referred for detailed US due to polyhydramnios, its etiology is not clear and parasitic site might have vascular malformation that may lead to increased volume of circulation, like in the cases having teratoma and arteriovenous malformations.
Furthermore, pathological processes that disrupt notochord mineralisation may lead to malformation of vertebrae [ 9].
SBV causes a subclinical or mild disease in adult animals but vertical transmission to pregnant dams may lead to severe malformations in the offspring.
In addition, if SBV infection of fetuses occurs during a vulnerable stage in pregnancy, the SBV can induce neurological disorders in newborns and may lead to congenital malformations with intra-uterine or neonatal death [ 7- 11].
A developmental arrest or an abnormal migration of neural crest cells, occurring late in gestation, may lead to chamber malformation resulting in Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly, Peter's anomaly, aniridia or iris hypoplasia, sclerocornea, megalocornea, and congenital glaucoma [ 13, 83].
The excess of malformations found in children with cancer, compared with controls, without a similar excess of malformations in their close relatives may indicate that in some (perhaps very roughly one in 20) cases antenatal events may lead both to the malformation and the malignancy.
Hyperglycemia is associated with embryonic vasculopathy, which may lead to embryonic lethality or malformation [ 100- 106].
As a part of the ageing process, OA is the most common arthritis of the elderly and may lead to severe symptoms like pain, malformation of the joint, and disability [ 2].
Foregut budding error may lead to bronchogenic cyst, esophageal duplication cyst, or "bronchopulmonary foregut malformations" (BPFM), a term proposed in 1968 by Gerle et al. [5] to encompass the full spectrum of developmental aberrations of the embryonic foregut.
