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Plasmids encoding truncated topoIIα and topoIIβ, as well as two 'tail swap' chimeric proteins with the opposite C-terminal domain fused to the main coding sequence were constructed as described in 'Results'.

To identify whether expression of the CP subunits was required for inducing HLR in Samsun nn, the main coding sequence of the CP gene in wt TMV or recombinant TMVs were replaced by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to generate TMVΔcpGFP, TMVΔcpGFPFN20 and TMVΔcpGFPSC1754, respectively (Figure 2A).

Approximately 40% of mammalian mRNA sequences contain AUG trinucleotides upstream of the main coding sequence, with a quarter of these AUGs demarcating open reading frames of 20 or more codons.

While this suggests that the phenomenon of uAUG-mediated repression is a common mechanism for post-translational regulation, we believe that the results of our identification and analysis of conserved uORFs indicates that a sub-category of uORFs may have more varied biological functions than simple repression of translation of a main coding sequence.

To identify ORFs conserved between human and mouse, we performed an NCBI blastp alignment of peptide translations of the mouse ORF sets against the equivalent human set using an E value cut off of 0.01, equivalent to that used in elimination of main coding sequence contamination.

The 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs) of vertebrate mRNAs typically vary from a few tens of bases up to several hundred bases in length, and contain a variety of features which affect the efficiency of translation of the main coding sequence (CDS) of the transcript.

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Nevertheless, this study obtained consistent results across all datasets, indicating that depletion of non-3n indels is unlikely to result solely from constraints in the main coding sequences.

In eukaryotic mRNA the main protein coding sequence (MCS) is flanked by upstream and downstream regulatory regions of variable length and structure.

We hypothesize that this sub-optimal uORF sequence context (compared to optimal Kozak consensus [ 47] sequence for the main coding region) would allow for leaky scanning [ 48, 60] of the uORF, and preferential initiation at the downstream main coding region.

Adding to this complexity, gene function can often only be understood in the context of other genes (as emergent properties) [ 1, 2], and accumulating evidence suggests that divergence in gene regulation rather than the protein coding sequence is the main driving force behind species differentiation [ 1, 3, 4].

The use of orthologous sequences allowed us to more accurately predict the main coding region and define the 5'-UTR that is necessary to identify conserved uORFs.

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