Instead, this individual population may be increasing — though tracking toad numbers is an inexact science.
In primitive times, individual population centers were virtually self-supporting, living on the produce of neighboring farms.
The next row of Table 2 describes employment rates for the individual population subgroups, and reflects associated summary statistics reported in Table 1.
While census data from 2011 was outside of the analysis period, the 2011 data provided individual population centre data not available from the 2006 census.
Wiens (1989) highlights how competition affects individual, population, or community attributes depending on its intensity relative to other factors shaping these attributes.
Less well-known methods are available if the sample is to consist of individual population members rather than groups of them in plots.
RFLP analysis also revealed a number of mixed virus infections in which, in certain instances, it was possible to identify individual population members.
Three treatments were established and a combination of biomarker, bioassay and biomonitoring approaches was employed to investigate, individual, population and community-level effects.
We synthesize the results from seven ecological simulation models that examined how low dissolved oxygen (DO) affected fish at the individual, population, and community levels.
If an individual population in the set of populations centered at α is labeled by the pair ((alpha,j)), then u_{alpha}=frac{sum_{j} u_{alpha,j}}{rhoDeltaalpha^{d}}.
Importantly, in this case there is no need to make assumptions about residual error terms linked to individual population elements, which is a core issue in model-based small-area estimation (e.g., Breidenbach and Astrup 2012, Breidenbach et al. 2015).
